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Ice Clear
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The most familiar ice melter is rock salt because it is used to make our highway safe during winter storms. Many buyers know little about the many other ice melters that are used to make our sidewalks, driveways and parking lots safe. This article uses simple/non-technical language to explain how all these ice melters work.
All traditional ice melters are formulations of four basic salts and/or fertilizers. In addition, other ingredients are sometimes added to make the products stick, spread, pour better and/or more visible. The word salt is used to describe a compound containing the basic element called "chloride". Rock salt is the compound Sodium Chloride mined naturally from under the ground. The four salts are:
1) Sodium Chloride -- The rock salt (natural sodium chloride) granules work by absorbing heat. When these granules are spread on pavement containing water and/or ice, two things happen:
o The granules mix into solution with the water and/or ice.
o The granules absorb heat from the sun, car tires, crushing force, etc. raising the temperature of the solution.
This rise in temperature of the solution causes ice to melt even though the outside air temperature is between +20F and the freezing point of water, 32F. Rock salt has a minimum effective temperature (MET) of +20F. This means that when the outside temperature is below +20F ice can still form under normal application rates.
2) Calcium chloride -- The granules of this compound give off lots of heat when allowed to contact water/ice in contrast to the rock salt that absorbed heat. Calcium chloride has a MET of -25F.
3) Magnesium chloride -- The granules of this compound also give off heat. However, it has a MET of only zero F. This is because the granules contain about 50% water and 50% magnesium chloride making it only half as effective when mixed with water/ice. Because of the water content, the application rate must be significantly increased to get the same amount of melting compared to calcium chloride.
4) Potassium chloride -- The granules of this compound work similar to rock salt by absorbing heat. Therefore, Potassium chloride is less effective than the previous two salts. Potassium chloride has a MET of +25F. Potassium chloride is also a commonly used as a fertilizer.
Now that it is known that the above four salts work by either absorbing heat or giving off heat, what determines the actual performance of ice melters? By varying the proportions of the above four salts in a product, the manufacturer can adjust the many characteristics of ice melters such as MET's, melting speed, melting durations, and environment impact (vegetation, animal life, concrete, floor covering, etc.).
The performance of a specific ice melter is determined by the predominant salt in the ice melter because there is very little interaction between the different salts when mixed. Adding a salt with a weaker characteristic, such as MET, weakens the resulting product according to the proportions used in the product. The same is true for adding a small amount of a salt with a stronger characteristic. The resulting product is only strengthened for the specific characteristic according to the proportions used in the product.
Finally, non-corrosive/non-salt additives such as urea and CMA can also play an important role in how the granules of an ice melt product work.
o Urea (a common form of nitrogen found in fertilizer) is sometimes mixed with the above salts but is not very effective as an ice melter. Too much urea can significantly weaken the products performance. While products with urea may appear to be friendlier to the environment, they can actually be worse for the environment because of the high rate of usage required to melt ice.
o CMA (calcium magnesium acetate) is a key ingredient added to many ice melters to increase melting speed and make it less corrosive. Pure CMA is no more corrosive than water. CMA is quite expensive. The CMA additive is biodegradable. This means that it decomposes to compounds normally found in nature. Products with the CMA additive are often advertized as being friendlier to the environment.
Both urea and CMA are use at airports to clean runways and/or aircraft because they are lest corrosive than the salts.
This article was written by Dale Leanhardt, Vice President, Donson Supply, Inc. to provide the potential buyers of ice melters a basic knowledge about how the salts granules work to keep pavement clear of ice. Donson Supply provides ice melt for sale over the Internet.
Donson Supply has been in business since 1981 from Westland / Plymouth communities in the Detroit Metro area and can be contacted on the Internet at http://www.donson.net, by phone at (877) 427 4112 / (734) 737 0739 or by FAX at (734) 416 0920.
Ice melt products with all of the salts listed above can be found at http://www.donson.net/c/ICEMELT
These products ship from over 50 locations across the 48 contiguous states (USA).
Melting Arctic Sea Ice and Global Warming Hype
There can be no dispute that the ice over the Arctic is melting pretty fast. Satellite pictures clearly show the extent of the decrease in Arctic ice during the last several years. In fact, observations from instruments on the ground, balloons, and satellites indicate that the Arctic is warming much faster than the rest of the planet.
Last year's seasonal ice shrinkage set records, reaching a September minimum of 2.6 million square miles, some 23 percent smaller than the previous record, set in 2005. If it sets another record this year, it would mark the fifth season of record declines since 1998.
In fact, preliminary data in June 2008 from University of Colorado researcher Sheldon Drobot does show that the vast expanse of ice at the top of the world is some 55,800 square miles smaller than it was on the same date last year.
The proponents of man-made global warming now point to the melting Arctic sea ice as proof that the planet is in immediate dire peril. Their climate models show that the Arctic sea ice is melting nearly three times faster than global warming computer models had previously projected.
Of course, melting Arctic Sea ice linked to the warming of the planet seems like an easy public relations correlation to make. Ice melts when temperatures rise. Arctic temperatures are rising fast apparently due to man-made global warming. The faster the ice melts, the faster the impact on the planet. So, everyone needs to spend more money and change behavior to eliminate CO2 gas to save the planet.
It all seems so logical until you think about it for awhile and do some research. Then, it really begins to not make much sense. Ultimately, I find that when things don't make sense then they are usually not true. Here is what bothers me about melting Arctic sea ice caused by man-made global warming from an increase in CO2 gas.
First, no study has ever directly linked the increase in global temperatures of the last several decades with melting Arctic ice. There is no scientific evidence of a direct connection, only media hype. In fact, with the climate projection models predicting only one third of the Arctic ice melt that is actually occurring, then maybe another reason outside of global warming is really at work.
Next, there has been a record melt in Arctic ice each year since 1999. However, the average global temperature has not increased and has actually started to decrease in the last few years while that Arctic ice has been melting at an increased pace. Ice melting faster when the planet's actual average temperature is going lower? Doesn't seem to make much sense, does it?
Now, consider that in 2008 ice between Canada and southwestern Greenland reached its highest level in 15 years according to Denmark's Meteorological Institute. The Institute used satellite images to track the southward expansion of the ice.
In fact, on a global basis, NOAA had this to say about world sea ice in April 2008. “Global sea ice reached levels that were “unprecedented” for the month of April in over 25 years. Levels are the third highest (for April) since the commencement of records in 1979, exceeded only by levels in 1979 and 1982."
So, if global warming is creating melting Arctic ice, then why is ice not melting everywhere? In fact, the world had more global sea ice in April 2008, than it had for over the last twenty five years. Again, if it doesn't seem to make much sense, it probably is not true.
So, the actual reason for melting Arctic ice may well have nothing to do with global warming. There have been several recent studies and discoveries in the Arctic that would suggest as much.
Recently, a team of scientists led by Dr. Robert Sohn of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts got a first-ever glimpse of the ocean floor (13,000 feet) beneath the Arctic pack ice. Indeed, they were astonished with what they saw.
Massive volcanoes had risen from the ocean floor deep under the Arctic ice cap, spewing plumes of fragmented magma into the sea. The eruptions took place in 1999 along the Gakkel Ridge, an underwater mountain chain snaking eleven hundred miles from the northern tip of Greenland to Siberia.
Remember, that the record Arctic sea ice melt began in 1999 the same year as these volcanic eruptions began on the ocean floor. The truth is if you overlay the area of melting Arctic sea ice over the area of these massive volcanic eruptions on the ocean floor, a compelling circumstantial case can be made that volcanic eruptions may indeed be the cause of Arctic ice melt.
Other studies also indicate that global warming may not be the cause of melting Arctic sea ice. Last year, a team led by Son Nghiem of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in Pasadena, Calif., studied trends in Arctic perennial ice cover by combining data from NASA’s Quick Scatterometer (QuikScat) satellite with a computing model based on observations of sea ice drift.
The conclusion of the NASA team was as follows: "Unusual atmospheric conditions set up wind patterns that compressed the sea ice, loaded it into the Transpolar Drift Stream and then sped its flow out of the Arctic". So, in effect, polar wind patterns changed and blew the sea ice further south to warmer waters leading to the record Arctic ice melt.
The fact is that there is so much that is unknown about how our climate changes over many thousands of years of time. This lack of knowledge makes it very easy for environmental alarmists to use melting Arctic ice and blame it on global warming due to a man-made increase in CO2 gas.
The point is that the cause of all that melting Arctic sea ice may have many different explanations. Indeed, melting Arctic Sea ice may well turn out to be just more misguided man-made global warming hype.
About the Author
James William Smith has worked in Senior management positions for some of the largest Financial Services firms in the United States for the last twenty five years. He has also provided business consulting support for insurance organizations and start up businesses. Visit his website at http://www.eWorldvu.com or his daily blog at http://www.eworldvublog.blogspot.com
How do they make the clear square ice cubes used in commercials?
Example like in the Disarrono commercials.
Use boiled water to make your ice cubes to get clear ice cubes (instead of cloudy) and use a cube shaped ice tray. They sell them at target.
Glacier melt in NZ shows end of ice age
Scientists suspect a change in global wind patterns helped to end the last major ice age and that the effects were seen first on New Zealand glaciers.
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